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Immune related sub-fertility is a somewhat controversial area of study, but it’s clear that immune system imbalances can contribute to fertility problems, even though the exact processes aren’t fully understood. For a successful pregnancy, the immune system must remain balanced to tolerate a foetus, which is genetically different (non-self). Imbalances such as chronic immune suppression, high NK (Natural Killer) cells, Th1/Th2 imbalances, or persistent inflammation can interfere with fertility and lead to miscarriage. Often, there are no obvious symptoms of immune system issues, which is why testing is crucial for accurate diagnosis. Often times, immune related issue are the underlying factors in ‘unexplained’ infertility.
Why Testing Matters
Testing allows for the identification of immune imbalances that could be affecting fertility. It provides a more appropriate and reliable approach than guessing and helps create a tailored treatment plan to increase the chances of a successful pregnancy.
Key Areas of Immune Testing:
Th1/Th2/Th17 Balance and Tregs
Th1 cells respond to intracellular threats (e.g., bacteria), Th2 handles extracellular threats (e.g., parasites), and Th17 is involved in autoimmune responses. During pregnancy, a Th2-dominant immune response is ideal to ensure tolerance of the foetus, but an imbalance (such as too many Th1 or Th17 cells) could cause fertility issues. T regulatory cells (Tregs) are responsible for regulating immune responses and controlling inflammation
Inflammatory Cytokines
Cytokines are immune system signals that coordinate the body’s defense mechanisms. The presence of specific cytokines can indicate Th1, Th2, or Th17-driven inflammation or even a chronic infection.
NK Cells and NK Activation Markers
NK cells are vital for fighting infections and tumors, but an overactive immune response with excess NK cells has been linked to infertility, IVF failure, and recurrent miscarriage. Testing the number and activity of NK cells can reveal if their aggressiveness is impacting fertility.
How Immune Testing Helps in Treatment
By identifying immune-related issues, we can develop targeted treatment strategies. These approaches, often in collaboration with fertility clinics, can improve the chances of conception and reduce the risk of miscarriage.
